The social and economic effects of protected areas on local communities can be perceived as both positive and negative. For this reason and because impacts are often relative, such impacts are best described as ‘change’.
In terms of social concerns, six types of changes typify the effects of protected areas on communities: (from Fortin & Gagnon, 1999, Environmental Conservation 26, pp. 200-211)
Recent research undertaken by the STCRC on the economic 'value of parks' has found that:
This technical report concludes a project supported by Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre aimed at reviewing and developing methodology to place an economic value on tourism to Australian national parks and protected areas. In particular this project had a focus ...
This study presents a framework for the development of social indicators to measure the impact of tourism on communities. It is a research project which emanated from the Green Globe 21 Standard that incorporates indicators for the environmental impact ...
This project provides series of detailed assessments of tourism values and costs in localities adjacent to protected areas in Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. The project demonstrates a range of techniques for respectively measuring social, environmental and economic impacts of ...
Originally founded in 1994 to galvanize the dive community for conservation, CORAL has grown from a small, grassroots alliance into the only international nonprofit organization that works exclusively to unite communities to protect our planet's coral reefs. In this easy-to-follow ...
Sea turtles have lived in the world’s oceans for over 150 million years. Sadly, these ancient reptiles are now globally threatened with extinction. Many populations are declining as a result of persistent hunting, increasing coastal development, incidental capture in fisheries, ...
Underwater cleanups are a great way to help protect the marine environment. However, there are some special considerations when cleaning up under water, especially in fragile coral reef environments. To make this easier for reef operators, the Coral Reef Alliance ...
... visitor experiences that also meet social and environmental ... industry as an important economic contributor to ... environment to avoid adverse impacts that diminish ...
http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Growing%20Your%20Business/NBTS%20dec%2004.pdf
http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Polices%20Plans%20and%20Strategies/NBTS%20Final%2004.pdf
... also advance the Government�s environmental, social, cultural and economic goals. ... will be determined by factors such as: � environmental impacts. ...
http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Polices%20Plans%20and%20Strategies/Nature-based%20tourism%20brochure%202011.pdf